respiratory epithelium การใช้

• The main bronchi have relatively large lumens that are lined by respiratory epithelium.
• The false vocal folds are covered by respiratory epithelium, while the true vocal folds are covered by stratified squamous epithelium.
• As the guttural pouches are covered by respiratory epithelium and mucosa, they have the potential to be affected by all respiratory pathogens.
• Damage to the lining of the airways ( respiratory epithelium ) and upper respiratory system caused by influenza may facilitate pneumococcal entry and infection.
• IbpA is secreted into eukaryotic cells from " H . somni ", a Gram-negative bacterium in cattle that causes respiratory epithelium infection.
• PD-L1 is expressed on 40 50 % of melanomas and has limited expression otherwise in most visceral organs with the exception of respiratory epithelium and placental tissue.
• CCDC142 has been found to be expressed in respiratory epithelium cilia, fallopian tubes, megakaryocytes, certain renal tubules, seminiferous duct cells, and skeletal cells 6.
• A squamous-cell carcinoma is often preceded for years by squamous-cell metaplasia or dysplasia in the respiratory epithelium of the bronchi, which later transforms to carcinoma in situ.
• The alveolar epithelium begins to differentiate into two distinct types of cells : type I pneumocytes and type II pneumocytes, as well as the respiratory epithelium of the trachea and bronchial tree.
• The rest of the laryngeal surface on the other hand, which is in relation to the respiratory system, has respiratory epithelium : pseudostratified, ciliated columnar cells and mucus secreting goblet cells.
• With more severe inhalation exposure, the airway becomes inflamed, pneumonia develops, and the respiratory epithelium can begin to have necrosis and slough off, forming a pseudomembrane that can occlude the airway.
• Skladzien et al . in a study reported Antrochoanal Polyps reveal squmaous cell metaplasia less frequently than inflammatory polyps and Antrochoanal Polyps are manly covered by normal ciliated respiratory epithelium on scanning electron microscopic examination.
• The cilia of the respiratory epithelium beat in concert cranially, effectively moving secreted mucus containing trapped foreign particles toward the laryngopharynx, for either expectoration or swallowing to the stomach where the acidic pH helps to neutralize foreign material and micro-organisms.
• Nasal polyps consist of hyperplastic oedematous connective tissue with some seromucous glands and inflammatory cells ( mostly neutrophils and eosinophils ) with respiratory epithelium, sometimes with metaplastic squamous epithelium on the surface . Nasal polyps should be distinguished from nasal papillomas, which are benign epithelial tumors and have more serious consequences.
• The flow of ions from the cell and into this layer is determined by ion channels such as CFTR . CFTR not only allows chloride ions to be drawn from the cell and into the ASL, but it also regulates another channel called ENac, which allows sodium ions to leave the ASL and enter the respiratory epithelium.
• Once inhaled, chlorine gas diffuses into the epithelial lining fluid ( ELF ) of the respiratory epithelium and may directly interact with small molecules, proteins and lipids there and damage them, or may hydrolyze to hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid which in turn generate chloride ions and reactive oxygen species; the dominant theory is that most damage is via the acids.